Specialized Ultegra question

Please feel free to move if this isn't retro enough please mods. I have a 2006 Specialized S-Works E5 Aerotech that I love dearly, but the right hand brake lever is kaput and the rest of the group is showing some wear and tear. (Have tried new cables and multiple wd40 flushes)

It's currently fitted with a 9 speed Ultegra groupo with 6510 components, which prove difficult to get hold of decent 2nd hand replacements. It's my 'go to' all round bike and I'm considering getting a newer 10/11 speed Ultegra/Dura Ace groupset to freshen it up.

Are all Shimano groupsets interchangeable regardless of age? Appreciate things like levers/derailleurs/calipers will swap, but are chainsets straight forward enough to change and do they all fit regardless of the age of the bike?

Also, what are the differences and requirements for a long and short cage rear derailleur?

The bike in question....



Thanks in advance :)
 
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